Sources
The Hello Baby Preparation Guide series is built on evidence-based guidelines from leading pediatric and safety organisations worldwide. Below you'll find the complete sources referenced across all six chapters, organised by topic, along with international safety standards and additional resources.
Sources are reviewed and updated periodically as guidelines evolve.
Last updated: February 2026.
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Primary Guidelines
[1] American Academy of Pediatrics. (2022). Evidence Base for 2022 Updated Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment to Reduce the Risk of Sleep-Related Infant Deaths. Pediatrics, 150(1), e2022057991. https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/150/1/e2022057991/188305/ The comprehensive technical report behind the AAP's safe sleep recommendations. Covers evidence for firm sleep surfaces, room-sharing, back sleeping, avoidance of soft bedding, pacifier use, swaddling guidance, and home cardiorespiratory monitors.
[2] American Academy of Pediatrics. (2022). Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Updated 2022 Recommendations (Policy Statement). Pediatrics, 150(1), e2022057990. https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/150/1/e2022057990/188304/ The official AAP policy statement summarising safe sleep recommendations.
[3] Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). Crib Safety Tips. https://www.cpsc.gov/safety-education/safety-guides/cribs US guidance on crib safety, including the drop-side crib ban and sleep positioner ban.
Regional Safe Sleep Organisations
The Lullaby Trust (UK). Safer Sleep Advice. https://www.lullabytrust.org.uk/safer-sleep-advice/ UK charity focused on safer sleep and SIDS prevention. Source for the 16–20°C room temperature guidance.
Red Nose Australia. Safe Sleep Recommendations. https://rednose.org.au/article/red-nose-six-safe-sleep-recommendations Australian safe sleep education and support.
NHS (UK). Reduce the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). https://www.nhs.uk/baby/caring-for-a-newborn/reduce-the-risk-of-sudden-infant-death-syndrome/ UK National Health Service guidance on reducing SIDS risk.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Providing Care for Babies to Sleep Safely. https://www.cdc.gov/sudden-infant-death/sleep-safely/index.html US federal safe sleep guidance, aligned with AAP recommendations.
Research
Tourula, M., Isola, A., & Hassi, J. (2008). Children sleeping outdoors in winter: parents' experiences of a culturally bound childcare practice. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 67(2–3), 235–249. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18767337/ Finnish study on outdoor napping practices finding babies napped an average of 92 minutes longer outdoors.
Product Recalls CPSC Recall Database (US): https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls
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Sources for the Feeding chapter will be added when we complete the Feeding chapter audit.
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Sources for this chapter will be added when we complete the Feeding chapter audit.
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OEKO-TEX Standard 100 — Independent certification for harmful substances in textiles. https://www.oeko-tex.com/en/our-standards/oeko-tex-standard-100
GOTS (Global Organic Textile Standard) — Certification for organic fibres. https://global-standard.org/
Additional sources will be added when we complete the Clothing & Comfort chapter audit.
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International Hip Dysplasia Institute — Guidance on baby carriers and hip-healthy positioning. https://hipdysplasia.org/baby-carriers-other-equipment/
Additional sources will be added when we complete the Outings & Movement chapter audit.
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Sources for this chapter will be added when we complete the Feeding chapter audit.
International Baby Product Safety Standards by Region
Always verify that products meet the most current version of standards in your area, as regulations are updated periodically. The standards below apply across multiple chapters (sleep, feeding, outings, etc.).
UNITED STATES
16 CFR 1219 — Full-size cribs → https://www.cpsc.gov/Business--Manufacturing/Business-Education/Business-Guidance/Full-Size-Baby-Cribs
16 CFR 1218 — Bassinets and cradles → https://www.cpsc.gov/Business--Manufacturing/Business-Education/Business-Guidance/Bassinets-and-Cradles
16 CFR 1220 — Non-full-size cribs and play yards → https://www.cpsc.gov/Business--Manufacturing/Business-Education/Business-Guidance/Non-Full-Size-Baby-Cribs-Play-Yards
16 CFR 1222 — Bedside sleepers → https://www.cpsc.gov/Business--Manufacturing/Business-Education/Business-Guidance/Bedside-Sleepers
16 CFR 1241 — Crib mattresses → https://www.cpsc.gov/Business--Manufacturing/Business-Education/Business-Guidance/Crib-Mattresses
ASTM F1169 — Full-size crib performance standard → https://www.astm.org/f1169-19.html
ASTM F2194 — Bassinet/cradle performance standard → https://www.astm.org/f2194-16e1.html
Recall database: https://www.cpsc.gov/Recalls
EUROPEAN UNION / UK / IRELAND
EN 716 — Cots and folding cots → https://www.en-standard.eu/csn-en-716-1-furniture-children-s-cots-and-folding-cots-for-domestic-use-part-1-safety-requirements/
EN 1130 — Cribs, cradles, and bedside sleepers → https://www.en-standard.eu/bs-en-1130-2019-furniture-cribs-safety-requirements-and-test-methods/
EN 16890 — Cot mattresses → https://www.en-standard.eu/csn-en-16890-2017-children-s-furniture-mattresses-for-cots-and-cribs-safety-requirements-and-test-methods/
EU Safety Gate (RAPEX): https://safety-gate.ec.europa.eu/ UK OPSS: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/office-for-product-safety-and-standards
CANADA
SOR/2016-152 — Cribs, Cradles and Bassinets Regulations → https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2016-152/page-1.html
Health Canada Nursery Products: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/nursery-products.html
AUSTRALIA & NEW ZEALAND
AS/NZS 2172 — Cots for household use → https://www.productsafety.gov.au/products/babies-kids/nursery/cots
Recall database: https://www.productsafety.gov.au/recalls
SINGAPORE
No separate national crib standard. Products must meet either CPSC (US) or EN (EU) requirements. Enterprise Singapore: https://www.enterprisesg.gov.sg/
UAE
Generally accepts EN (EU) or CPSC (US) standards. ESMA: https://www.moiat.gov.ae/en/esma
A Note on Sources
The recommendations referenced across the Hello Baby Preparation Guide series reflect current best practices as of February 2026. We've aimed to present evidence-based information in a practical, accessible way. Where recommendations are based on expert consensus (such as AAP guidelines), we've noted that with numbered references throughout the guides.
Pediatric guidelines, safety standards, and research evolve over time. We review this page periodically and update links and sources as needed. Always verify that information is current and consult your healthcare provider for advice specific to your baby and family.